Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate
Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate
Blog Article
Tin(IV) Chloride Pentahydrate: A Versatile Compound in Inorganic Chemistry
Introduction
Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate (SnCl₄·5H₂O) is a hydrated form of tin(IV) chloride, an important inorganic compound used in both academic research and industrial applications. Known for its reactivity and utility as a Lewis acid, this crystalline hydrate is easier to handle than its anhydrous counterpart and plays a critical role in various chemical processes.
Basic Properties
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical formula | SnCl₄·5H₂O |
| Molar mass | ~270.50 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless to white crystals |
| Solubility in water | Highly soluble |
| Decomposes on heating | Yes (releases HCl vapors) |
| Lewis acidity | Strong Lewis acid |
Structure and Composition
Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate contains:
One tin ion (Sn⁴⁺) coordinated to four chloride ions
Five water molecules of hydration
It is often preferred over anhydrous SnCl₄ for laboratory use because it's less volatile and easier to measure and transport, though it is still corrosive and moisture-sensitive.
Applications of Tin(IV) Chloride Pentahydrate
1. Catalyst in Organic Reactions
SnCl₄·5H₂O acts as a Lewis acid catalyst in:
Friedel–Crafts reactions
Acylations and alkylations
Rearrangement reactions
Polymerization of certain alkenes
Its ability to accept electron pairs makes it invaluable in coordination chemistry and complex formation.
2. Precursor to Other Tin Compounds
It is used in the synthesis of:
Organotin compounds
Tin(IV) oxide (SnO₂) nanoparticles
Tin-based coordination polymers
3. Analytical Chemistry
Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate is used to detect gold and mercury by forming colored complexes with these metals in solution.
4. Glass Coatings and Surface Treatments
In industry, tin compounds (derived from SnCl₄·5H₂O) are employed in:
Anti-reflective coatings
Transparent conducting layers
Surface treatment of glass and ceramics
Safety and Handling
While not as dangerous as anhydrous SnCl₄, the pentahydrate still requires careful handling:
Hazards
Corrosive to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract
Releases HCl fumes on decomposition
Harmful if swallowed or inhaled
Precautions
Use in a fume hood
Wear appropriate PPE: gloves, lab coat, goggles
Store in airtight containers, away from moisture and incompatible substances like strong bases
Storage and Stability
Store in a cool, dry place
Keep container tightly closed
Avoid prolonged exposure to air or heat to prevent dehydration and hydrolysis
Comparison: SnCl₄ vs. SnCl₄·5H₂O
| Property | Anhydrous SnCl₄ | Pentahydrate SnCl₄·5H₂O |
|---|---|---|
| Physical State | Fuming liquid | Crystalline solid |
| Volatility | High | Low |
| Handling Difficulty | Difficult | Easier |
| Storage Requirements | Stringent | Moderate |
| Applications | Industrial, high-precision | General lab and synthesis |
Conclusion
Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate is a versatile, safer alternative to its anhydrous form and a key component in organic synthesis, materials science, and analytical chemistry. Its strong Lewis acidity, solubility, and reactivity make it a valuable tool in both research and industry. However, due to its corrosive nature, it must be handled with care and stored under proper conditions.
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